In 1241 the Mongols crushed the armies of Poland and Hungary and ravaged both countries.

In 1241 the Mongols crushed the armies of Poland and Hungary and ravaged both countries. Somehow nobody calls Poles or Hungarians Mongols.

Rus took the same blow a few years earlier. Between 1237 and 1242 Genghis Khan's heirs burned city after city: Moscow went up in flames, and Kiev, the old capital of Rus, was so devastated that it never regained its former weight. Then the armies pulled back to the steppe and set up their base on the Lower Volga near today's Astrakhan. What followed was generations of tribute paid from a distance, while the political center of Russia slowly shifted north to Moscow.

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